The Assassination Of Jfk Assassination Theory - 1385 Words

The research topic I have chosen for English 12 research essay is the JFK assassination theory. I would like to research this because I have seen documents and videos online and on television about the conspiracy but I have not done full research into it to see the facts. With the presidents of the United States they are able to make or break the country with their decisions, with that JFK was assassinated due to that and other reasons. I will be going into this research thinking that there is a conspiracy behind the assassination of JFK that it wasn t hoax and I might witness data with biased eyes. Even though I believe that I want to see what the other side of the spectrum believes and what data they will show to convince people†¦show more content†¦At 10:30am: Kennedy remarks to Jackie you know, last night would have been a hell of a night to assassinate a president†¦ that is a reference to their late night motorcade through For Worth in Texas. At 11:50am: Multiple c o-workers see Oswald on the first floor of the book depository eating lunch. With the motorcade leaving Love Field to begin the motorcade through Dallas.12:05pm: President Kennedy makes his first of many stops at groups of people waiting to meet him and shake his hand, delaying the motorcade by five minutes. The president s last minutes are crunching to the impact of the gun shot from Lee. At 12:29pm: The president s limo turns onto Elm St. The first shot is fired missing the president. A fragment from the bullet or debris from the street hit James Tauge who is watching the motorcade in Dealey Plaza. A man is standing near the Stemmons Freeway sign with an opened umbrella. With the umbrella man it is also a conspiracy theory that deals with JFK. At 12:30pm: The second shot is fired, causing Kennedy to go into Thornburn s position, He was shot in the throat. This is a common neurological response to spinal damage. The third shot is fired, hitting the president on the back, right side of his head, causing a portion of his head behind his right ear to blow out. Right after the third shot is fired. Oswald quickly gets a Coke from the soda machine in theShow MoreRelatedThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Essay example3041 Words   |  13 PagesThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Introduction There are many theories that have been introduced to people surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The assassination of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, occurred on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding in the presidential limousine through the streets of Dallas, Texas. The projectile that struck his head shattered the right side of his skull. During an interviewRead MoreNoah Cooper. Mrs. Sites. English 10A. 15 April 2017. Lee1749 Words   |  7 Pageshave put out statements on the Communist conspiracy theory and it was they who were in charge when he was shot and thus silenced (â€Å"The JFK Assassination† 2.) The assassination of John F. Kennedy has been a topic of debate for many years. The aforementioned quote is a prime example of why many individuals feel the JFK assassination was a conspiracy. The particulars of the JFK assassination are sometimes hazy, but the essentials of the assassination are well founded. The ideas disproving the involvementRead MoreTo Kill A Kennedy954 Words   |  4 Pagesvast majority of Americans believe Oswald’s words, claiming that there was more behind the tragic assassination than the United States government once portrayed. Many have disregarded everything the government had told the world and have come up with their own theories, forming the greatest conspiracy in the history of America, a conspiracy that the world is still butting heads about. With the assassination of President Kennedy, the United States government issued a report to settle down the countryRead MoreBook 1984 Analysis: Conspiracies in the US, John F. Kennedy1438 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in history just happens to be the John F. Kennedy assassination. Some ideas are way out there, but others sound like they might have at least a hint of truth in them. The book 1984, relates to a few of these schemes of how and such an event would happen, but even more importantly how it was covered up. In the book they were masterminds at covering up events and it is now my job to figure out how this book is similar to the JFK assassinations. To understand these conspiracies, one mustRead MoreMystery of Who Killed John F Kennedy1483 Words   |  6 PagesDue to the vast speculations of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas the mystery of what really happened still lies amongst us today. From theory to theory there is no telling what the true motive in killing the President really was. Among the various theories are those that involve the Chicago mafia, Lee Harvey Oswald attempting the murder by himself, and the left and right wing factions of the U.S. government. After several investigations, there is no realRead MoreAssassination Of Jfk s Assassination1140 Words   |  5 Pagesminutes after the assassination. There have been numerous debates over the last 55 years regarding this incident. Many people claim there is a conspiracy behind the case, allowing various conspiracy theories to emerge over the years. One specific theory is about how the mafia was involved with JFKâ₠¬â„¢s assassination. In 1963, the USA Presidential elections were approaching and so JFK and his wife Jacqueline travelled to Dallas, Texas to campaign. On the day of JFK’s assassination, specifically theRead MoreWhy Was The Body Not Seen By The Dallas Coroner?1397 Words   |  6 PagesPresident of the United States, although it was a federal crime to conspire to injure a federal officer while he was acting in the line of duty. (Assassination of John F. Kennedy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2014) Why was the body not seen by the Dallas Coroner? I found this to be Puzzling. Later federal agencies such as the Assassination Records Review Board criticized the autopsy on several grounds including destruction from burning of the original draft of the autopsy report and notesRead MoreThe Incident Of Jfk Assassination983 Words   |  4 PagesThe incident of JFK assassination is one of the biggest events in the United States of America, and so many of myths and theories are discussed and exami ned by tons of people who are professional and amateur in any kinds of fields. Even if the Warren Commission adjudicated the JFK assassination was done by only Lee Harvey Oswald, there are significant amount of eyewitnesses that we cannot just ignore are testified and mentioned something about the second sniper which make the people believe thatRead More jfk assassination Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pages The John F. Kennedy Assassination On November 22,1963,President Kennedy was in attendance at a Dallas parade.One of the biggest tragic moments happened in U.S. history before the naked eye.President John F. Kennedy was assassinated around 12:34 p.m.as he celebrated with the Dallas crowd to show admiration towards them and their city(Mintaglio 60).The suspected assassin Robert L. Oswald,a former U.S. marine,was afterward caught not long following the assassination in a near by theatre(Newman 56)Read MoreJfk And The President Jfk1368 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) was assassinated in Dallas Texas. The nation and the whole world was shocked in that day. In fact, president JFK was preparing for his next combine in Texas, he took a road trip by a motorcade with his wife Jacqueline Kennedy, Governor John Connally, and his wife Nellie. The road trip went through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas towards the trade mart, where the president was scheduled to give a speech there. The road that the president J FK was traveling on by his motorcade

Essay about The Notorious Al Capone - 1406 Words

The popular image of the 1920s is of an alcohol soaked, jazz enriched, and senseless society that was full of crime. Morally minded citizens tried to solve the growing problem of drunkenness by pushing their efforts to end this behavior. This crusade gained steam in 1920 when the US outlawed the manufacture and sale of liquor which was amended into the Constitution. What was supposed to end this wild behavior of mindless drinking and crime spawned new economic problems and gang wars in major cities around America. What was known as the prohibition era entrenched a network of organized crime with some of the most notorious minds and of these included the most well-known, Al Capone. Capone began to take over the Chicago area in 1925 as a†¦show more content†¦He then followed with saying, â€Å"who doesn’t,† in this case he was honest because most of the American citizens were also violating these drinking laws by going to, â€Å"speakeasies,† (Bootleg: Mur der, Moonshine, and the Lawless Years of Prohibition, pg 92). These underground or hidden buildings would be the major source of income for Capone during the years of prohibition. Politicians, law enforcement and regular citizens would visit these establishments to grab a drink then the next day fight for enforcement of prohibition. The corrupt enforcement of these laws extended the longevity of this era and rose the power of Capone and his accomplices. Capone was already rising in power in the 1920s but the 18th amendment fueled rise of violence in Capone like yeast in bread. Knowing that law enforcement would crackdown on his illegal business, he made sure local, state and federal officials were on his payroll to look the other way. He virtually paid off every official in the districts where his breweries were set up. This granted him and his breweries legal immunity. By bribing the crooked law enforcement in his area, he could plan raids to destroy other rival gang’s ille gal establishments. Federal agents who did not take bribes and continued to enforce the law were prevented by locals who tipped off gangsters. Every year, Capone paid officials a hulking 15 million dollars but this money didShow MoreRelatedAl Capone was a Notorious Mafia Leader1212 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone was a child from an Italian immigrant family, And was one of the most Notorious and infamous Mafia leader in the world during the Prohibition Era in Chicago. Also he was known as Scarface, Al Capone was sent to Alcatraz Prison in Philadelphia in 1931 from a tax evasion conviction. Al Capone had a personal fortune estimated at $100 million and was responsible for countless murders, His most famous one was the St.Valentine’s Day Massacre. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, on JanuaryRead MoreMost Powerful Man in 1920s, Al Capone Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesstrings was the world’s most notorious gangster, Al Capone, whom utilized the teachings of Frankie Yale and Johnny Torrio to become the most powerful man in the underworld. He was a man of raw brutality and wits, paying off anyone willing to help him grow in power, and kill off anyone who wouldn’t. Al Capone was not like any ordinary criminal, he set out to make the public love him as a person, yet he considered killing to be a part of business. To this day whether or not Capone was a criminal mastermindRead MoreGet Capone: the Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster1696 Words   |  7 PagesGet Capone: The Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster Al Capone. Everyone is bound to hear the name at least once in his or her life. The charming, broad smile, the greenish gray eyes, heavy set, and five foot ten and a half; a seemingly normal man. Until someone notices the scars. A faded purple, still fresh looking, Al Capone’s scars marred the normal face, they gave a glance into the life of the notorious gangster. But who was Mr. Alphonse â€Å"Scarface† Capone? One reporter comments,Read More Al Capone and the Evolution of Organized Crime Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesabout Al Capone were merely fictitious, such as he was born in Italy, when actually he was the first Capone to be born in the United States. When Gabriele Capone came to the United States, he owed no one and was able to read and write in his homeland language. This helped him to get a job and work until he could save enough money to open his own barbershop. He brought with him his 27-year-old wife, Teresa and their two sons, Vincenzo Capone and Rafael e Capone. Later another son, Salvatore Capone wasRead MoreEssay on Al Capone Biography1495 Words   |  6 Pageshospitality.†-Al Capone [Woog, 25] nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Al Capone was one of the most notorious gangsters during the 1920’s. He was a self-made business man. He had a ready smile and a quick handshake, which if you did not play your cards right, could turn out to be fatal. It took 500 gangland murders to make Capone the boss of Chicago. He was public enemy number one. Capone single handedly gave Chicago the nickname â€Å"The Lawless City.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alphonse Capone was bornRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 PagesAl Capone is widely known as the most ruthless gangster in the United States due to his involvement in violence due to the illegalization of the distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcoholRead MoreEssay On Al Capone1271 Words   |  6 PagesAl Capone was a highly known gangster in the 1920s Alphonse Capone born in Brooklyn, New York to a poor US immigrant couple, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, seeking a better opportunity for their then big family of eight children. He was known for running many lucrative illegal businesses that included alcohol boot legging, gambling, prostitution, and protection. Al Capone was so notorious that he would murder those who got in his way. With little prosecution of his actions, Al Capone believed his selfRead More Al Capone Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone, probably the most notorious and well known gangster in history, was born in 1887 in Naples, Italy. His father, Gabriel Caponi, immigrated to Brooklyn from the slums of Naples in 1910. After he came here he changed his last name too Capone too blend in more. Al Capone’s gang activities started out when he was young. He was in the Five Points Gang, who were known for their violence. The gang’s tradition was to scar their victims with a knife cut from the outside corners of their eyes toRead MoreGatsby : Al Capone And The Change In Society809 Words   |  4 Pagesdominated this long ten years. The Roaring 20s caused a lot of changes in society socially, politically, and economically. Some people in particular such as Al C apone, Babe Ruth, and Charlie Chaplin had this decade wrapped around their fingertips from illegal contraband to becoming the most famous person alive. Al capone, the most notorious mobster in that day and age, he was a beacon for criminal and illegal activities. His crime schemes were built upon the drug scene and alcohol smuggling. SmugglingRead More Al Capone Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone Throughout Americas history there have been many famous criminals, John Dillinger, John Gotti, Lucky Luciano, just to name a few. However, due to his extreme wealth and Godfather like status, the most notorious and famous one might have been Al Capone. Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899 to immigrants from Naples, Italy. At a very young age, he became involved in organized crime by quitting school after sixth grade and joining a local neighborhood

Intertestament Period Free Essays

Exploring the Bible 3 October, 2011 Inter-Biblical Period: 400 Years The Old Testament focuses on God’s covenant with his people and the stories of men of great faith and also men of prophecy, foretelling Christ coming. The New Testament, however, focuses on the redemption side. The Redemption side is Christ’s story here on Earth and his ministry to other people. We will write a custom essay sample on Intertestament Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malachi, the last book written in the Old Testament, was written around 424 B. C. Then 418 years after, the book of Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, was written. The Intertestamental Period is the period of history between the two testaments. Since God did not speak to his people directly through prophets, this period is also known as the 400 years of silence. Now, what happened in those four hundred years? The Intertestamental Period was a time where many empires came along, new religious groups formed, and where theological and literature pieces were developed that molded Israel going into the time of Christ. Politics in a nation help dictate and run the people, in Israel’s case, they had to deal with many empires coming in. During the Intertestamental Period, they had five key periods of leaders and kingdoms. The Persian Empire arrived around 430 B. C. and they ruled until 332 B. C. The Persian rule was recorded as being mild and tolerant. (Scott, 1783) The Persians were taken over by the Greeks. The Greek period went from 331 B. C. to 167 B. C. (Scott, 1783) Alexander the Great, son of King Philip of Macedonia, was given the control of the Greek army around the age of 20. (Halley, 402) With the control of the army, he was able to sweep over and take over Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. Alexander the Great was very compassionate towards the Jews and he spared the city of Jerusalem. He established Greek cities in his conquered places and he did it with the plan to spread Greek culture and language throughout the world including Israel. After Alexander’s death, his empire was separated to his four generals. (Halley, 402) Egypt and Palestine was given to Ptolemy and under him the conditions of the Jews were at a peaceful state. In Egypt, Alexandria was the influential center of Judaism. In 167 B. C. was the beginning of the Period of Independence also known as the Maccabean period. Mattathias was a priest and he was upset at Antiochus motivation to destroy the Jews, so he gathered Jews and raised a revolt. Mattathias had five sons, Judas, Jonathan, Simon, John, and Elezar. (Halley, 404) The Maccabean period lasted until 63 B. C. and the Romans followed after. Palestine was conquered by the Romans under Pompey. Idumean was the first to be appointed ruler of Judea. His son, Herod the Great, succeeded him. (Halley, 404) Herod was a shrewd politician who wanted to get good with the Jews. He was very cruel and brutal towards his people. Politics and leaders are key roles in establishing a nation. In this case, these five empires helped develop rules and guidelines that led the people and that eventually grew and prepared Israel for the coming of Christ. During the 400 years of silence, religion was another area that grew in Israel. During this time, the religion was not set up was polytheistic or monotheistic but instead it was groups of people. For example the four main groups of the religions groups or parties are Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians. These four groups followed what they believed and chose to do whatever they wanted to do. The Pharisees is the group most people probably know because of their role in the Gospels and the fact Paul was one. They took the Law and believed it was their job to take it and to put into new conditions. (Hester, 325-326) The accepted both the Torah and tradition. The Pharisees rejected anyone who didn’t live by the standards they did. On the opposite side were the Sadducees. They were the second main group and they had more power than the Pharisees until 70 A. D. when their temple was destroyed. (Hester, 325-326) The Sadducees consisted of the wealthy priests. They were a conservative group and they didn’t try to take the Law and put into a new situation but they instead took and limited themselves to the five books of Moses. After 70 A. D, the Pharisees were the leaders of the Jewish people by giving them a religious life aside from the temple. The other two parties were more political than religious groups. The Zealots were a nationalist group that opposed the Romans. Simon, one of Jesus’ disciples, was a Zealot. The other group, the Herodians, basically supported Herod and his dynasty and supported what he did for the nation. These four groups are the religious groups that developed the main teachings and guidelines people believe until Christ’s ministry began. Even though religion and politics are a big part of a civilization, another key role is the literature and writing of a nation. Literature and writing in Israel or any nation is an influential part because it is what the people follow and speak. In Israel, Hebrew was the language of the Old Testament. This was the main language of religion. Latin was the language of Roman and it was commonly spoken among the people. Greek was another language and it was the language that tied the Roman Empire together. The most common language of Palestine in Jesus’ day was Aramaic. (Halley, 410) Most writings are believed to have been written in Aramaic and translated into Greek. (Halley, 410) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew but was spoken in Greek. Septuagint is a translation of the Old Testament into Greek. The Torah was translated first. It was called the Septuagint because of the 70 translators and Septuagint means 70 in Greek. (Halley, 409) Another type of translation was Targums and they are translations of the Old Testament into Aramaic. They were first oral translations, paraphrases, and interpretations these types of languages and writing were influential in the development of the social status during the Intertestamental Period. Even though writing is important the question is what was the theology being taught during this period? Theology is important because it is what the people studied and how they viewed God. The Apocrypha, is writings which the writer assumed the name of a hero long since dead, and rewrote history in terms of prophecy. (Halley, 406) Some of this included, Books of Enoch, Assumption of Moses, Ascension of Isaiah, Book of Jubilees, Psalms of Solomon, and more. These books are the books that were written by people in the period of the 400 years of silence, and they preached about the prophecies that the prophets spoke and also the birth of Christ and the end times. This theology is the closest literature that the people had to connect to God and the prophecies that was spoken. All of these books spoke of Christ coming and his ministry that he will live for and preach. The Intertestamental Period consisted of political powers overtaking each other, religious groups, and theological books and literature that preached Christ coming and that developed the nation of Israel. The political side consisted of Persian, Greek, Egyptian, the Maccabees, and the Romans. The eligious side had the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians and they all had different views and theories. And the language part consisted of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic. The theology piece was the Apocrypha, which re-emphasized the prophets foretelling. All these pieces and parts put together made up the Intertestamental Period and it formed Israel and it carried over into the ministry of Jesus. The 400 years of silence at last was broken, and God sent his son Jesus Christ t o testify the truth and overcome the world. Work Cited Scott, J. Julius Jr. â€Å"Time Between the Testaments. † ESV Study Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles. 2008. 1783-1789. Print. Halley, Dr. Henry H. Halley’s Bible Handbook: with New International Version. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Zondervan Publishing House. 2000. 402-412. Print. Hester, H. I. The Heart of Hebrew History: A Study of the Old Testestament. Liberty, Missouri, The Quality Press, Inc. 1962. 313-330. Print. How to cite Intertestament Period, Essay examples

Negotiation free essay sample

The informational structure of the case was divided into common information shared between two groups consisting of three negotiators each. In addition, each group was given its own discrete brief. The purpose of exercise was to successfully negotiate an optimal outcome for each of the groups. The case itself, as the name suggests, was based on naming rights of the Veterans Memorial Stadium at River City in the USA. The stadium had a long history of public and University patronage, but over the years became less used by the public schools due to the school having their own fields. The University eventually became the primary users of the field and subsequently the City reflecting on the high cost of maintaining the facility decided to sell the stadium to the University for $1, with the expressed term in the deed of sale, that the City must be consulted over any name changing in relation to the stadium. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Stadium became the home football stadium for the River City University Eagles football team. The University after some time wanted to rename the stadium after their highly regarded retired football coach Roger Hardy. The renaming would not only honour the coach, but in addition, would result in a wealthy donor pledge of $91,250 to the University. The proposed new name of the stadium was the ‘Roger Hardy – Veterans Memorial Stadium’. Due to the unwillingness of the City to change the name of the stadium, the University proceeded to rename the field only to Roger Hardy Field. The University did so acting under state rules which allowed a Chancellor to name facilities that were less than an entire building (such as rooms, wings, or exterior plazas) without approval from anyone else. Subsequently lawsuits were filed against the University. Both parties eventually hoped to negotiate an out-of-court settlement through their designated negotiators. The main parties to the case were the Veterans who saturated the local population of River City (pop. 51,000), accounting for approximately 10 percent of the population and the River City University. There was also a large military base in the area. The Veterans were represented at the negotiation table by professional negotiators acting through the City Council. Our team performed the role of the negotiators representing the Veterans interests but employed by The City (The Negotiators). The University negotiators were accountable to a wealthy donor and also accountable to the City through a contractual arrangement regarding the naming of the stadium when the University took possession of it in 1980. The University being a public institution is also indirectly accountable to the veterans as well as to the other citizen groups Negotiation Unfolding The prelude to the negotiation was based on preliminary reading of the case and internal group discussion. Initially the group was interested in understanding the parties or performing a self-assessment and ‘other party’ assessment. As part of the self-assessment The Negotiators sorted through the key facts to assist building a cohesive assessment of the situation. This involved determining our negotiation goal, or as describe by Thompson (2012) answering the ‘what do I want’ question. The Negotiators were principally interested in representing the interests of the Veterans acting through the City with the objective of satisfying the need of honouring the Veterans. In moving towards negotiating a successful outcome it is critical to determine the Veterans Best Alternative To No Agreement (BATNA). Negotiators should be willing to accept any set of terms superior to their BATNA and reject outcomes that are worse than their BATNA. The BATNA of the City Negotiators was for the City to pursue legal action to repossess the stadium and the surrounding land based on the University’s violation of the City’s right to name the property as specified in the Bill of Sale. Secondary options were available to the City to coerce the University to submit to the City’s needs. These included implementing various other non legal recourses such as: 1. Refusal to sell land outside memorial park. 2. Refusal to demolish existing facility. 3. Veterans Picketing. It is important to note at this point that many negotiators seek to negotiate a deal from the perspective of trying to get what they want. This perspective can be limiting in optimising the outcome. It is just as important to understand the interests and motivations of the other party. The need and the desire of the parties to transact will dictate whether a deal can be done and on what terms. Both parties in this situation ranked high in both the need and desire to transact, not only from the perspective of the ongoing relationship between the Veterans, City and University, but also due to the immediate concerns surrounding the donors funds for the University and honouring the Veterans through the naming of the Stadium. A key element of the situation assessment was the risk analysis. Acting as The Negotiators it was clear that if we were unsuccessful, one of the key risks was our possible termination of employment. This was due to the power of the Veteran’s to nominate candidates to replace Common Council members and also their ability to oppose any re-election bid by the mayor in the next City elections. If the Mayor was defeated the City Negotiators would lose their positions. Acting as The Negotiators, we clearly had a vested interest in a successful outcome to the negotiations. An additional risk to the City occurred in the event of having to pursue further legal action against the University. This situation would arise if the City was to threaten repossession of the stadium as a last resort measure to ensure that the stadium name remained Veterans Memorial Stadium. The repercussions of such an action would be that the City viewed the maintenance of the facility as a financial burden, and was probably not prepared to take on the expense associated with maintaining the facility. Therefore, this option was more mere puff and not a viable option. Ethically this could be seen as detrimental for the City to pursue this course of action and an abuse of their legitimate powers. Party Positions The position of the City representing the Veterans interests covered a number of points relating to the naming issue of the stadium, which are as follows: a) Retain the name of ‘Veterans Memorial Stadium’ and not to have it renamed to the ‘Roger Hardy – Veterans War Memorial’. b) The ‘Roger Hardy Field ‘sign was to be removed. c) Requirement that any new stadium built is also name after the Veterans Memorial Stadium. The City Negotiators approach in relation to the positions above was an integrative bargaining style seeking to maximise the benefit for both parties. The case notes succinctly describe the pros and cons of integrative bargaining and highlights; that integrative bargaining mutually entwines the fate of the parties. What this is specifically referring to is that; mutual success will be achieved if the negotiation succeeds or alternatively the parties face a common fate if they fail. The opposite approach which could have been used is the fix-pie model or distributive model. This model suggests there is a limit or finite amount in the object being distributed amongst the people involved. The University position was to change the name of the Veterans Memorial Stadium to the ‘Roger Hardy – Veterans Memorial Stadium’. Due to the Veterans uproar in relation to this change and subsequent changing of the name of the field to the ‘Roger Hardy Field’, the Universities position was to maintain the name of the field. Their argument for maintaining the name change of the field was based on their understanding of the legal issues surrounding the case. The University believed they were acting within their legal obligations surrounding the naming terms contained within the deed of sale and state rules allowing a Chancellor to name facilitates (with conditions). Party Interests The Veterans interests were to be able to continue to honor the Veterans through the stadium name. The Universities interests were to honour their coach Roger Hardy and to receive the donation. There was a stark contrast between the negotiating parties, in terms of variation in the nature of the party’s interests from a values and interests perspective. The Veterans positioning was a values based perspective, which was as the case suggested ‘matters of principle’. The underlying interest of the veterans group was to honour their fallen comrades for the benefit of the families of those who served during wartime. The University position was aligned with an interest based approach. The Universities interest was twofold, with the requirement to not only satisfy the donor to enable the University to receive a substantial amount of funds, but also to honour their previous football coach, Roger Hardy. Which was more important to the University, the money or honouring the coach? It could be possible that the renaming of the stadium was a means to an end to receive the additional funds, or alternatively it could have been the cases that a genuine desire to honour the coach was a priority. Perhaps a combination of the two. The scenario which played out between the varying interests of the University and the Veterans Association is not uncommon, where one side may perceive the conflict as a rivalry for resources and the other side may view it as a matter of principle. Understanding the Universities motivations is imperative in being able to optimise the egotiation process. Typically parties interested in additional resources are more open to concessions than parties such as the Veteran seeking to hold the line in relation to a deeply held value. The willingness of the University Negotiators to make concessions was apparent throughout the negotiation process. This willingness was overt and appeared very early in the negotiation process. I would hold this as a cr iticism of the other parties approach in that they were perhaps too keen to make concessions early in the negotiation process before listening to our position. It appeared as if they had decided on their strategy and executed without consideration to our position on the day. Perhaps the group were executing a similar scenario to that which may have prompted Napoleon Bonaparte to make the comments in the opening advice. Positional and Interest Based Bargaining Distinguishing between positions and interests in understanding the dynamics of the negotiation process and its impact on the negotiated outcome is significant. It is useful firstly to understand what the terms positional and interest based bargaining refer to. A position is the stance you take on a specific subject. Positional bargaining focuses on â€Å"the what† in a negotiation. Those using this approach are seeking to get what they want, without disclosing their motive, and often disregarding the needs of the other side in order to reap the biggest gain. Positional bargaining is distributive, does not create value, and often even leaves value on the table. An interest on the other hand, is both an objective and/or a need. Interest Based Bargaining focuses on â€Å"the why† in a negotiation. This method opens the door for an integrative approach to negotiation, where both sides work together to find the best solution for all parties involved. In the process, they may create value through their collaborative efforts. The Universities initial alignment was both positional and interest based. Positional from the perspective of focusing on ‘the what’ in relation to the renaming of the stadium and ‘the why’ was covered in their focus on the rationale for their wish, which was based on their need to honour the coach. It could however be argued that perhaps it was more positional which was highlighted by the lack of information surrounding the donor pledge during the early stages of the negotiation process and purely focused on their naming requirements and honouring the coach. Perhaps the Universities true interests were disclosed later in the process as the Universities wish to honour their retired coach Roger Hardy and receive the donor pledge. The Veterans interests were well known from the outset (to honour the Veterans). Reflections of a Negotiation Our group’s negotiated result was considered a success. The actual result that was achieved between the both parties was as follows: 1. University agree to keep the stadium name as it is and agree not to name the field Roger Hardy Field. 2. Set up of independent committee to oversee the future naming rights of the veterans, with exclusion clauses. Consists of Uni board members and veterans. Committee primarily concerned with naming of the facility. Individual buildings renaming must go to through Committee. 3. Uni was to renaming an annual cup Roger Hardy Cup. 4. Building of new facility the name with remain the same. Prior to entering into the negotiation room our group The Negotiators had identified the following possible set of solutions with a number various combinations achievable. Satisfying the veterans 1. Name a street within the complex. 2. Build a memorial – including all veteran’s names. 3. Honouring the veterans – veteran’s trophy cup. 4. University payments to veterans over time. Satisfying University 1. Veteran’s making an annual donation to the University 2. Negotiate with the Donor 3. Like NAB Cup. Roger Hardy Cup. In critically reflecting on our performance I would suggest that we had limited success in expanding the pie and therefore see that this would have been an area for improvement. The group certainly delivered on what was our top priority regarding the naming rights issue, but perhaps there were further opportunities to deliver additional benefits for the parties. For example, perhaps there would have been the opportunity for financial support to be received by the Veterans from the University in the form of ongoing donations. Another alternative is perhaps contributions given by the Veterans to the University in the event that the donor’s pledge was forfeit if the negotiation has taken a different path. In closing, the exercise was very useful in gaining both practical and theoretical exposure to the negotiation process within the relative safety of the class room.

Precious Things in Life free essay sample

In todays modern society, economical status determines ones social status. I have some friends who do not have any problem on spending their money to keep up with their lifestyle. They are given such privilege from their parents to be able to spend materially. In result, their social status among the others is considered privilege otherwise because of their exclusive lifestyle. They are often seen with a group of people who are in the same status range as them. It may seem as if they are living a perfect life surrounded by high-end materials to a group of loyal friends.However, It doesnt seem as perfect as It seems once I get to know some of them. Money may buy us everything we can ever wish for. It allows us to purchase goods and services, gain respect from other people; It provides us with security, or even a family In some cases. We will write a custom essay sample on Precious Things in Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, money can never provides us with permanent satisfaction but temporary. Money can never buy us priceless moments, true happiness, or most importantly, time. These are the three things that we always wished for in our lives. And my friends who live in a perfect life we all always assume, aridly experience true happiness behind the overwhelming economic supply their parents gave them. Their problems mostly revolve around family issues. Their parents are too busy working they dont have any time to spare with them, thus them only could show their love by letting their children get whatever they want. One of them once told me, she would trade everything she has right now with her parents time so she can feel the LOL of spending even Just a day being together as a whole family.She told me that no matter how much money they are able to provide her, at the end of the day, it only revised her temporary satisfaction. Ever since she was a little girl, her parents barely spend time with her. She reminisced on how she wanted to go to a theme park badly with her parents like her friends at school always do, and ended up spending her day with her babysitter and her driver. She told me how she would have dinner at the dining table all by herself in silence, or sometimes she would ask her loyal babysitter to sit down with her Just to chat.She never gets home after school straightaway, she rather go out anywhere but home because she always thought she loud find something better outside her home, temporarily. She may be able to get the most expensive designer handbags anytime, but the one thing she wished her money can be purchase for is the time and happiness with her family. She also doubts the friendship some of her friends In the group gave her, because they could be tagging her along Just for fame, not for a genuine friendship.From Just hearing a story from one person, I could never be more thankful for what I have now. I may not have the same amount of money as they do, but I am given some things she could never buy with her money. Temporary satisfaction may feel nice at first, but In the end It doesnt matter because the happiness does not last fore ver. Money can never buy us everything that Is what I feel the society should learn and understand more about. We often think money solves everything therefore life would be easier the more money you get.Happiness and time are two precious things in life are priceless and they can only be gained, not purchased. Humans tend to have their own concept of happiness. These days, the society finds their happiness from rich food, fine clothes, beautiful sights and ease. This is the problem. Sometimes the concept of happiness cannot be defined in physical form. Precious things that happened in our lives are designed in such twisted way for us to learn to appreciate for all we got. Will money buy you happiness?No. Will more money gives you happiness? Maybe. A severe lack of money may brings you unhappiness but a genuine happiness is invaluable and has to be earned otherwise. Precious moments, too, are those we often wish to be able to capture them or nonetheless, remember. Everyone have a certain moment in our lives we wish to be able to turn back time and to experience it once again. In my friends case, she rarely experience one and is waiting for it to happen, which she claimed to be impossible. Most of us think that spending time with friends is a lot more fun than stay at home with our family. We often dont realize that there are people out there who would trade their money Just for a moment we could have for free everyday. Isnt it tragic that her money may buy her acceptance from her friends but her own family? Perhaps we should question the genuineness of their friendship as it may be based on material acceptance. A true friendship is priceless and it will be clearly obvious when you hit the lowest point of your life.

12 Writers Discuss the Writing Process

12 Writers Discuss the Writing Process For almost a decade, the Writers on Writing column in The New York Times provided professional writers with an opportunity to talk about their craft. Two collections of these columns have been published: Writers on Writing: Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2001)Writers on Writing, Volume II: More Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2004). Although most of the contributors have been novelists, the insights they offer into the process of writing should be of interest to all writers. Here are excerpts from 12 of the authors who have contributed pieces to Writers on Writing. Geraldine BrooksWrite what you know. Every guide for the aspiring author advises this. Because I live in a long-settled rural place, I know certain things. I know the feel of a newborn lambs damp, tight-curled fleece and the sharp sound a well-bucket chain makes as it scrapes on stone. But more than these material things, I know the feelings that flourish in small communities. And I know other kinds of emotional truths that I believe apply across the centuries. (July 2001) Richard Ford  Beware of writers who tell you how hard they work. (Beware of anybody who tries to tell you that.) Writing is indeed often dark and lonely, but no one really has to do it. Yes, writing can be complicated, exhausting, isolating, abstracting, boring, dulling, briefly exhilarating; it can be made to be grueling and demoralizing. And occasionally it can produce rewards. But its never as hard as, say, piloting an L-1011 into OHare on a snowy night in January, or doing brain surgery when you have to stand up for 10 hours straight, and once you start you cant just stop. If youre a writer, you can stop anywhere, any time, and no one will care or ever know. Plus, the results might be better if you do. (November 1999) Allegra Goodman  Carpe diem. Know your literary tradition, savor it, steal from it, but when you sit down to write, forget about worshiping greatness and fetishizing masterpieces. If your inner critic continues to plague you with invidious comparisons, scream, Ancestor worship! and leave the building. (March 2001) Mary GordonIts a bad business, this writing. No marks on paper can ever measure up to the words music in the mind, to the purity of the image before its ambush by language. Most of us awake paraphrasing words from the Book of Common Prayer, horrified by what we have done, what we have left undone, convinced that there is no health in us. We accomplish what we do, creating a series of stratagems to explode the horror. Mine involve notebooks and pens. I write by hand. (July 1999) Kent HarufAfter finishing the first draft, I work for as long as it takes (for two or three weeks, most often) to rework that first draft on a computer. Usually that involves expansion: filling in and adding to, but trying not to lose the spontaneous, direct sound. I use that first draft as a touchstone to make sure everything else in that section has the same sound, the same tone and impression of spontaneity. (November 2000) Alice HoffmanI wrote to find beauty and purpose, to know that love is possible and lasting and real, to see day lilies and swimming pools, loyalty and devotion, even though my eyes were closed and all that surrounded me was a darkened room. I wrote because that was who I was at the core, and if I was too damaged to walk around the block, I was lucky all the same. Once I got to my desk, once I started writing, I still believed anything was possible. (August 2000) Elmore LeonardNever use an adverb to modify the verb said ... he admonished gravely. To use an adverb this way (or almost any way) is a mortal sin. The writer is now exposing himself in earnest, using a word that distracts and can interrupt the rhythm of the exchange. (July 2001) Walter Mosley  If you want to be a writer, you have to write every day. The consistency, the monotony, the certainty, all vagaries and passions are covered by this daily reoccurrence. You dont go to a well once but daily. You dont skip a childs breakfast or forget to wake up in the morning. Sleep comes to you each day, and so does the muse. (July 2000) William Saroyan  How do you write? You write, man, you write, thats how, and you do it the way the old English walnut tree puts forth leaf and fruit every year by the thousands. ... If you practice an art faithfully, it will make you wise, and most writers can use a little wising up. (1981) Paul West  Of course the writer cannot always burn with a hard gemlike flame or a white heat, but it should be possible to be a chubby hot-water bottle, rendering maximum attentiveness in the most enterprising sentences. (October 1999) Donald E. WestlakeIn the most basic way, writers are defined not by the stories they tell, or their politics, or their gender, or their race, but by the words they use. Writing begins with language, and it is in that initial choosing, as one sifts through the wayward lushness of our wonderful mongrel English, that choice of vocabulary and grammar and tone, the selection on the palette, that determines whos sitting at that desk. Language creates the writers attitude toward the particular story hes decided to tell. (January 2001) Elie WieselAcutely aware of the poverty of my means, language became an obstacle. At every page, I thought, Thats not it. So I began again with other verbs and other images. No, that wasnt it either. But what exactly was that it I was searching for? It must have been all that eludes us, hidden behind a veil so as not to be stolen, usurped and trivialized. Words seemed weak and pale. (June 2000)

Journal 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Journal 6 - Essay Example Furthermore, speaking with their native accent would depict that they are not yet integrated within the American society. It would therefore be difficult for them to make new friends because of negative stereotyping. Based on this fact, young people normally try not to speak with their native accents, when speaking a foreign language, or when they are in a foreign country. Furthermore, it is impossible to lack an accent. This is because as a human being, I have to interact with my peers. This interaction normally influences my language, and the accent which emanates from my speech. I tend to pick the accents of my friends when speaking to them. This is for purposes of identifying with them. On this basis, an individual would always speak with an accent. People would tend to pick the most dominant accent within the society. For example, when in America, an individual would pick the American accent. If the same person is in Britain, with time, the person would pick the British accent. This situation happens to me. While speaking, I am heavily influenced by my environment. My accent always tends to change, based on the person I am speaking to. If speaking to my peers, I would change my language and accent, and speak in a manner that is acceptable to them. On the other hand, if it is an elderly person, or my parents, I would change my language and accent. I would have to speak with them in a more respectable manner. On this basis, my accent and language would always change, based on the relationship that I have with the person I am speaking

Strategic HRM Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic HRM Plan - Essay Example While it is a part of Roche Pharmaceutical’s strategic plan to recruit talent from within, the market imperative of getting the best diversified talent available to make itself innovative and competitive will compel the company to get talent from outside the company. In today’s globalized market, the criteria for getting the best talent is not only limited to competencies such as education background, skills and experiences of its human resource but also includes its diversity. Diversity is desired in a globalized market of which Roche Pharmaceutical operates because it provides the necessary perspective for the company to survive and thrive in market conditions whose cultural orientation differ from region to another. While diversity is a desirable quality in its workforce, it is not however devoid of issues. The heterogeneity of the background and orientation of a diversified workforce could not also bring conflict and could be disruptive when it is not managed carefully. Among the common cultural issues that diversity could bring in an organization are; c) Stereotypes – lumping together or generalizing judgment against people or group of people especially when its assumption is wrong. This is a hindrance against inclusiveness for it communicates subtle hostility against the people or group of people being stereotyped. These cultural issues however can be overcome by a deliberate intent of reducing prejudices and use of stereotype in the organisation. This can be further removed by constantly developing and improving the human resource that would eventually removed myopic perspectives that typecast people which are the root of prejudice. Cultural orientation as part of training and job rotation that would allow employees to widen their exposure about their job and their co-workers will also help to eventually remove the issues that are associated with a diversified workforce. A concrete diversity program that is

Emotional and Behavioral disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotional and Behavioral disorders - Essay Example me of the common EBD conditions include affective disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, conduct and attention disorder, and adjustment disorders (Lehr, 2005). In general for the management of students with EBD in a classroom setting may not really be effective (Keller, 2002). The approaches that are chosen should be evidence-based and proven through empirical literature. The level of support provided to the students should be classified into 3 levels, namely, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. At the primary level, problems are prevented from developing, and in general all the students are targeted through teaching appropriate behavior. Secondary prevention includes decreasing the severity of the problems and lowering the risks that may be present to the students. At the tertiary level, established problems are reviewed and appropriate interventions are implemented. Besides, the severity and duration of the negative outcomes are reduced using various measures (Lehr, 2005). Children with EBD may need placement for at least some duration of time in special classrooms that provide a structured environment for development. The outcomes in such an environment are more controlled and predictable. Students in such a program would be rewarded for appropriate behavior (Hewett, 2002). The teacher would constantly assess the needs of the classroom and demonstrate systematic teaching through several modes including discussion, presentation, modeling, etc. Behavior modifications may be required though behavior therapies such as positive reinforcement, contracting, etc. Supportive therapies in the form of music, art and exercise therapies may be needed to increase a self-understanding and self-esteem of the child (Council for Exceptional Children, 2011). One of the key elements in managing stress that may be required by teachers teaching children with EBD is self-awareness. Through self-awareness, the teacher is better able to understand the

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay

The History Of The Negotiation Power Tourism Essay In general, negotiation mean bargaining process between two or more parties seeking to discover a common ground and reach an agreement to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve a conflict (Business Dictionary.com). According to Fisher Ury in their book Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In, negotiating is a basic ways in getting what you want from other peoples (1981). While in Oxford Dictionary, negotiation mean discussion aimed at reaching an agreement. In Women Are Getting Even (WAGE) website, they interpret negotiation as conversation between two parties in order to make an exchange. According to Rusk (2006), the meaning of negotiation is discussion intended to produce an agreement. It also can be referring as common solutions that used to make a decisions and settle down the problems (Moore, 2012), a process which is two or more parties attempt to agree on the rate of goods and services that they exchange (Robbins Judge, 2003). Conflict and negotiation are a fact of everyday work-life, yet it often produces anxiety (Cutts, 2012). The UK Border Agency has announced that there are still technical problems with online booking service (Kelly, 2012). This statement shows that sometimes online booking faced a problem such as lost record (Kirschbaum, 2009), security issues (Fane, 2010) and technical issues (Scoot, 2012). There are problems that faced by customer when they used online booking system. Despite the fact that all the respondents (except for one) use computers almost every day, 14% believe that booking online is not securing in general (Bogdanovych et al, 2006). Conflict happen because of these problems. Conflict happen when people did not agree with the issue, it will create a friction or tension between that individual or groups (Nahavandi, 1999). Negotion is a process that examining the facts of situation, exposing the interest of both parties involver and bargaining to solve the conflict as many as possible (Moore, 2012). Negotiation permeates the interaction of almost everybody in the organization (R obbins Judge, 2003). According to Lucas (2008), conflict might occur because of differing perception, inadequate or poor communication and also contrary expectations. These problems often happen when dealing with customer especially in travel agency. In tourism industry negotiation is an important process to gain a mutual agreement of something, especially to travel agencies. It is crucial for them to confirm what their customer wants and need. Through negotiation conflict between travel agency and customer can be reduced. Negotiating through areas of conflict can often lead to win-win situations agreeable to parties, reducing ill felling and conflict (Queensland Government, 2011). Travel agents have the negotiation power because they have maximum choice to offer to their clients (Travel Cafà © Inc 2011). This means they have variety of choices that they can get from their travel suppliers and they can give us the best deal with best value of possible. Online booking lack of first hand knowledge and rarely gives customer opportunity to speak with someone knowledgeable about service that they are booking (Morelock, 2012). The clients and travel agents can assists us to get what we want in our vacation. Online booking allow customer to make all travel plans on the internet means they can do it any time of the day or night at home or while theyre on their lunch break at the office (Oakley, 2012). It is true when we are doing booking online we can make a booking everywhere and anytime but we cannot negotiate the price of the tourism product that we wish to book. If we are negotiating with travel agents, we have the chance to get lower prices as possible. Price negotiation usually occurs during purchasing of materials or supplies (Francois, 2012). For example, if a travel package to Cameron Highlands costs about RM300 for two nights, the clients can negotiate the price lower and can get around RM250. With negotiations, both parties will receive their own benefits and it is a win-win situation (Rusk, 2006). When customer asks an agent to negotiate, means customer are essentially asking the agent to subsidize their vacation (Brock, 2009) but through online system, customer had no change to negotiate with an agent because the price is fixed. The Marriott International, Hilton Hotels, Sheraton Hotels Resorts and others was charged in San Francisco Federal Court on charges conspired to use their market dominance to fix the hotel prices with travel websites like Travelocity, Booking.com and Expedia, a subsidiary of Priceline.com From this case we can see that customer cannot negotiate the price because the price is fixed. The aim of the negotiations is to decide the price that is acceptable for both parties (Francois, 2012) From price negotiation process it becomes bargaining process. Negotiations commonly follow a process of positional bargaining (Cutts, 2012). Oxford Online Dictionary give two interpretation of bargaining, the first is an agreement between two or more people or groups as to what each will do for the other. The second is a thing bought or offered for sale much more cheaply than usual or expected. There are two types of negotiation which are distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining (Robbins Judge, 2003). Distributive bargaining also called claiming value, zero-sum or win-lose bargaining is a competitive strategy that is used to decide how to distribute a fixed resource such as money (Spangler, 2003). Honeyman (2012), interpret intergrative bargaining as one of platform which party try to understand interests of another party, on the expectation that it will helping the opponent to create solution as responsive its own concerns. According to Tewart (2012), many times people sa y they dont like to negotiate (bargaining) yet, they still shop around and never pay full price. The word bargaining here does not only mean price negotiation, it is a much differentiated and broader term (Management Study Guide, 2012). Customer also can bargain to build his or her own trip with or without help from a customer care executive (Agarwal, 2012), asking whether travel agency offer travel insurance (trip Travel Responsibility Informed Protected, 2012) and a customer can seek redress under certain circumstances commonly referred as the right to repair, replacement or refund (Government of South Australia, 2011). These are things that customer can bargain with travel agencies. The freedom of customer is restricted when they make booking through online. Customer cannot confirm their specific requirement when make the online booking through the hotel reservation system (Vyas, 2010). For example, when they make booking through hotel reservation system, if they have something that they dont understand, no place for them to raise the questions. According to Lloyd, booking online doesnt have individual to deal with booking process, it leaf to customer to read and understand the complicated terms and conditions. One of the advantages of booking direct with the hotel, by phone or email, is that customer can request a specific room of the hotel and they cannot normally do that online or with an agent (Trend, 2010) According to Tewart (2012), most people act in their best interest and most people who say they dont like negotiating, actually still want to. This statement show that customers still love to negotiate and online booking system prevent them from doing it. Negotiation is needed in order to secure the resources required for successful project completion (Evans Lindsay, 2008). Through negotiating win-win solutions with customers it will not only give your company the best chance to succeed but will also create relation between customer and your company for future sales opportunities (Douglas, 2003). Negotiation also can increase clarity about the problem, can lead to innovative breakthroughs and new approaches, involvement in conflict can sharpen approaches to bargaining, influencing, competing and also can focus more attention on basic issues and lead to solution (Wertheim,1996) Vyas, J. (2010, August 10).  Disadvantages of booking online on travel portals. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Disadvantages-of-Booking-Online-on-Travel-Portalsid=4832401 [Web log message]. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.wageproject.org/files/neg.php Queensland Government , Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation. (2011).Negotiation skills. Retrieved from website: http://www.skills.business.qld.gov.au/running/1172.htm http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/negotiation.html Oakley, R. (n.d.).  The advantages of online reservations. Retrieved from http://traveltips.usatoday.com/advantages-online-reservations-63078.html Lucas, R. W. (n.d.).  Responding to conflict with customers. Retrieved from http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Responding_to_Conflict_with_Customers.html Lloyd, M. G. (n.d.).  Advantages and disadvantages of an online booking system read more: Advantages and disadvantages of an online booking system | ehow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8780323_advantages-disadvantages-online-booking-system.html Johanson, M. (2012, August 21).  Travel websites, hotels accused of price-fixing. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/travel-websites-hotels-accused-price-fixing-751937 Brock, C. (2009, July 13).  Negotiating rates and fares with travel agents. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Negotiating-Rates-and-Fares-With-Travel-Agentsid=2603163 Tewart, M. (n.d.).  People still love to negotiate. Retrieved from http://www.expressyourselftosuccess.com/people-still-love-to-negotiate/ Trend, N. (2010, February 11).http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/nicktrend/7213438/hotel-booking-should-you-use-an-online-agent-or-go- Bargaining power of customers. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/bargaining-power-of-customers.htm Top questions to ask your travel agent. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://trip.ustia.org/safety/articles/1233/top-questions-to-ask-your-travel-agent/ Government of South Australia, Business, Industry and Trade Department. (2011).  Refunds to customers. Retrieved from website: http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Business, industry and trade/Starting and managing a business/Running a business/Selling to customers/Sales practices in your business/Refunds to customers Cutts, R. N. (n.d.). Using principled negotiation to resolve workplace issues.  Conflict Management, 3. Retrieved from http://nl.walterkaitz.org/RNicoleCutts_PrincipledNegotiation.pdf Spangler, B. (2003, June).  Distributive bargaining. Retrieved from http://www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/distributive-bargaining Spangler, B. (2003, June).  Integrative or interest-based bargaining. Retrieved from http://www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/interest-based-bargaining AGARWAL, S. (2012, October 08). Want to make your own travel itinerary? here are few portals that will help you.  The Economic Times. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-08/news/34322860_1_travel-agents-travel-itinerary-travel-hotspot Francois, C. (2012).  What is price negotiation?. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-negotiation.htm   Nahavandi, A. Malekzadeh, A.R. (1999).  Organizational Behavior: The Person-Organization Fit (ch. 13).  Upper Sandle Ridge, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Personal Narrative- Growing Closer to God Essay -- Personal Perspectiv

Personal Narrative- Growing Closer to God My head spins as I fly down Capital Circle on my way back home from church. Church has always been the highlight of my week, but something was missing tonight. I just couldn't seem to focus on worshiping God. My usual words of praise were empty. My hectic life had become a distraction and kept me from focusing on God, who should be my main priority. The butterflies in my stomach feel more like a herd of elephants tearing through my body. I cry out, "Why God? Why am I so busy? Why can't things just slow down for a single night?" As I pull into my driveway the "elephants" continue and my stress level only escalates. An incredible urge to disappear overwhelms me. As I slump over my textbook and try to focus on studying, my gaze keeps shifting to my Bible. "Are you trying to tell me something God? Because I don't think you understand how much I have left to do tonight. My grade depends on studying for this test and I'm not ready for it at all." My arm creeps toward the Bible and snatches it up. It's as if the arm isn't my own; I can'...

Design of a New Generator

1. INTRODUCTION : Gas Turbine-Generator system has proximity to zero level due to absence of condenser. Therefore, Generator should have Terminal Bushings at the top of the Stator Frame. This avoids digging of tunnel / trench for routing Bus Duct and also avoids accumulation of gases from safety point of view. It was decided to develop a module THRI 108/44 for application with Gas Turbine. 2. DESIGN CHALLENGES : Since, bar type design of THRI 108/44 module for GTG application is not available. Hence the same had to be designed afresh taking the following major design challenges into consideration: . 1. Shifting Terminal bushings for tapping power from bottom to top. 2. 2. Location, number and size of coolers and cooler ducts in stator Frame to accommodate connections between Bus Bar and Terminal Bushings. 2. 3. Proven ventilation scheme inside stator frame for cooling of stator core, windings and its overhangs. 2. 4. Provision of static excitation system by providing slip ring shaft. 2. 5. Position of Barring Gear on Exciter End (non drive end) requiring Slip Ring shaft rotor having a matching coupling with generator rotor on one side and barring gear on other side. 2. 6. Provision of routing of piping emanating from bottom of stator and end shield in the foundation. 2. 7. Routing of connections between bus bar and terminal bushings maintaining required electrical connections 2. 8. Use of existing components as far as possible for inventory and variety reduction. 2. 9. Mechanical and Electrical calculations for soundness of design. 3. ACTION PLAN : 3. 1. Identification of assemblies for fresh designing – 34 numbers design groups out of 125 groups were identified to be designed afresh. (Annexure-1) 3. 2. Carrying out Exhaustive Electromagnetic, Mechanical, Ventilation & Heat Transfer calculations. . 3. Development of detailed design documents, scrutiny by technology, incorporating the changes suggested and release of documents (drawings and CBOM). 3. 4. Verification of design by Internal design groups – Internal design groups of experts were formed and Changes suggested by different groups were incorporated in the documents. 3. 5. Strengt h of stator frame under various load conditions, its natural frequency and rotor dynamics to be carried out by Corporate R & D to validate the design. 4. INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND ITS DETAILS : 4. 1. Electromagnetic calculations were carried out and design data sheet issued for preparation of design documents. 4. 2. Since the Terminal Bushings are to be mounted at the top, there was no space available to accommodate 4 Nos. Hydrogen cooler ducts (400 x 570 mm), as provided in conventional THRI design (ref. Fig. 1). Therefore, it was decided to use two nos Twin-coolers (ref Fig. 2&3). This concept has 2 nos. twin coolers placed in two separate cooler ducts. Operating conditions of one cooler out of operation apply here also as in case of conventional 4 Nos. separate coolers. 4. 3. Changes in size of cooler and cooler ducts (550 x 650 mm) and duct location resulted in increase of width of stator body to 4200 mm from 4000 mm and height 4550 mm. Accordingly, stator body was redesigned completely maintaining routings of ribs, plates etc to follow the ventilation scheme of existing machine. Full length Foundation Support has been provided on stator in line with conventional GTGs. 4. 4. Due to the above mentioned increased dimensions of stator body, the generator is not suitable for rail transport (limit up to 4040 mm). Thus the generator stator shall have to be transported by road only. A dragging fixture has been designed and shall be welded to the bottom of stator frame to place it directly on the road trailer without requiring any additional fixture. It will also help placing the stator at any location without any support or can be dragged at power station for erection, if required. 4. 5. It was proposed to use common Core Assembly for GTG as well as STG for standardization and variety reduction. STG design required a power output of 261 MW. To enhance the MCR rating it was decided to optimize the ventilation flow paths in the stator core. Number of ventilation ducts has been increased from 85 to 98 without any increase in the total core length. Width of the ventilation ducts was earlier a combination of 5 mm & 10 mm, which has now been changed to 5 mm, 8 mm & 10 mm (refer Fig. 4). In order to optimize electromagnetic performance of the machine, net iron length of core is maintained same. Modified ventilation circuit vis-a-vis existing one is depicted in Figs. 5 & 6. 4. 6. Thickness of core ETS segments (Electro Technical Steel segments) has been increased from 0. 5 mm to 0. 65 mm without any loss in quality. This will enhance the rigidity of core end zone packets. It will also increase the productivity and reduce core assembly time in shop by about 30%. 4. 3. Shifting of Terminal Bushings to the top of Stator Frame, required redesign of Connecting Bus-bars and Arrangement of Terminal Bushing Connection Assemblies maintaining the air gap clearances(Fig-7). 4. 4. End Ring is introduced in this design for providing better rigidity in stator winding overhang. 4. 5. To make the generator suitable for static excitation system, new Slip Ring Shaft has been designed. Couplings of Slip Ring Shaft have been redesigned to suit TG rotor (EE) at one end and Barring gear at the other end. 4. 6. In view of relocation of terminal bushings, drawings related to temperature and pressure monitoring circuits were prepared afresh. 4. 7. There is no availability of overhead cranes in Gas Turbine hall over Turbogenerator due to low ceiling of the building. This poses a major challenge for insertion of rotor into stator. Rotor weighs around 42 tons. So, a new Trailer with Prime-Mover has been designed for Rotor Insertion in to Generator for GTG application. 4. 8. Design Documents (drawings and CBOMs) were sent to Corporate R & D for to carry out following calculations :- (1)Static Analysis – (a) Lifting of stator with 4 lugs b) Short Circuit Torque (c) Hydraulic test at 10 bar (2) Dynamic and Harmonic Analysis of Stator Frame with Core, Windings and rotor (3) Rotor Dynamics 4. 9. Generator Outline diagram for GTG is enclosed as Fig. 8. 5. RESULTS OF MECHANICAL CALCULATIONS : 5. 1. Static Analysis – Load ConditionsMaximum Stresses(N/mm? )Reference Lifting of Stator with 4 lugs110 Fig-9 Short Circuit Torque with 3. 5 bar internal pressure of Hydrogen238 Fig-10 Deformations of side wall due to Hydraulic Pressure of 10 bar (fig-11) Locations on side wallDeformations (mm) TEEE 1700 mm above centerline1. 040. 46 1700 mm below centerline0. 460. 40 5. 2. Dynamic and Harmonic Analysis of stator with core & windings DirectionFrequency PeakReference Axial32. 3 HzFig-12,13 Vertical82 HzFig-14 Horizontal136 HzFig-15 6. TECHNOLOGICAL GAINS : 8. 1. THRI bar type Turbogenerator has been developed for the first time for application with Gas Turbine. 8. 2. New design Stator can be placed directly on the trailer during transportation by road. It can be dragged at site during erection, if required. 8. 3. The new design of core is suitable for THRI STG design also due to improved ventilation. This will result in lower temperature rise leading to more reliable operation and enhanced life of the machine. . 4. Rationalisation and standardization of components has been taken into consideration to develop this design. Assemblies like Rotor, End Shield, Winding bars, Terminal Bushings, Shaft Seals, Oil Catchers etc will be used from that of existing design variant. 8. 5. Existing major tooling like those for fabrication & machining of Stator Frame, ass embly of core, Hydraulic and Pneumatic testing of Stator Frame will be used. 7. CONCLUSION : THRI bar type Turbogenerator has been developed in-house for the application with Gas Turbine. With the concerted efforts of the team the design work was completed by 31st August, 2005. This new design has been approved by an external review team comprising of experts from IIT- Roorkee, Corp. R&D and RC Puram besides Haridwar experts from Technology, Quality & Engineering. Discussions were also held at PEM Delhi along with R. C. Puram for erection and maintenance of various Generator components like coolers, End Shields, Insert Covers, Rotor, Slip Ring Shaft Assembly and Bearings etc. New design features were explained and these were taken in to account for development of Power Plant layout.

Statistics essays

Statistics essays Statistics is a system where you can get to the bottom of a variety of composite questions in the statistics class. Statistics has a group of rules that make problems find the solutions that are correct. The upcoming project will be answer with the formulas learned at stats class. Descriptive statistics is used to present a variety of information, which information can either be qualitative or quantitative. To present the information in an organize matter we used a set of charts and/or graphs to understand better our results. To start the task I sampled 36 people, 22 males and 14 females. Confidence interval is a set of range, minimum and maximum, to give an output from a previous sample. The confidence interval is used to determine numbers that will help you predict the result. The next optimal numbers are an average using the 36 people we used for this project to get more precise numbers and help us with our project. The numbers are going to help us predict the outcome of the workers performance and to see if the computer is a useful tool this will help us get a more precise numbers in order to complete our project. The sample consists of 36 people currently working at the company. This group is going to help me develop a project were many statistical tools that are utilized to get proper stimulations. It consisted 14 females and 22 males. Using this information I will determine to a 95 certainty or percentage that the male population is .61 2(.08) and for females .39 2(.08). This represents the gender ratio. Histogram for age is unimodal and it is non-symmetric. Average age is in the range in 39.06. The median is 36, the mode, 30. The standard deviation, which means the variance between ages, is 14.03. The sample variance, also refers to the sum of the variances is 196.74. The range lies between the points of a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 65. I am 95% sure that the average age lies between the follo...

How to Use Block Quotations in Writing

How to Use Block Quotations in Writing A block quotation is a  direct quotation that is not placed inside quotation marks but instead is set off from the rest of the text by starting it on a new line and indenting it from the left margin. Block quotations may be called extracts, set-off quotations, long quotations, or display quotations. Block quotations are used in academic writing but are also common in journalistic and nonfiction writing. While block quotations are perfectly acceptable, its important for writers to be selective about their use. In some cases, block quotations are unnecessarily long and include more content than is needed to make or support a point. There is no single rule of thumb for formatting block quotations. Instead, each major style guide recommends slightly different ways of selecting, introducing, and setting off the quotations. Before formatting, its important to check on the style used for a particular publication, website, or class. Key Takeaways: Block Quotations A block quotation is a  direct quotation that is indented from the left margin and begins on a new line.Block quotations are used when a quotation exceeds a specific length. Requirements for length vary, depending on the style guide being used.Block quotes can be effective tools for persuading readers or proving a point, but they should be used sparingly and edited appropriately. Recommended Length of Block Quotations Customarily, quotations that run  longer than four or five lines are blocked, but style guides  often disagree on the minimum length for a block quotation. Some styles are more concerned with word counts, while others focus on the number of lines. While each official style guide has its own approach to block quotes, individual publishers may have unique in-house rules. Some of the more common style guides require block quotations as follows: APA: Quotes longer than 40 words or four linesChicago: Quotes longer than 100 words or eight linesMLA: Quotes of prose longer than four lines; quotes of poetry/verse longer than three linesAMA: Quotes longer than four lines MLA Block Quotes Researchers in English literature usually follow the style guidelines of the Modern Language Association (MLA). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers recommends the following for a quotation that will run more than four lines when it is included in the text: When appropriate in the context of the text, introduce the block quotation with a colon.Begin a new line indented one inch from the left margin; do not indent the first line more than the other lines in the block quotation.Type the quote double-spaced.Do not place quotation marks around the block of quoted text. APA Block Quotes APA stands for American Psychological Association, and APA style is used to format anything in the social sciences. When a quotation is longer than four lines line, APA requires that it be styled as follows: Set it off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting one inch from the left margin.Type it double-spaced, without adding quotation marks.If you quote only a single paragraph or part of one, do not indent the first line more than the rest.One inch is equivalent to 10 spaces. Chicago Style Block Quotes Often used for writing in the humanities, the Chicago (or Turabian) Style Guide was created by the University of Chicago Press and is now in its 17th edition. It is sometimes referred to as the Editors Bible. Rules for block quotes in Chicago Style are as follows: Use block format for quotations longer than five lines or two paragraphs.Do not use quotation marks.Indent the entire quotation by half an inch.Precede and follow the block quote by a blank line. American Medical Association Block Quotes The AMA style guide was developed by the American Medical Association and is used almost exclusively for medical research papers. Rules for block quotes in the AMA style are as follows: Use block formats for quotations that are longer than four lines of text.Do not use quotation marks.Use reduced type.Use paragraph indents only if the material cited is known to begin a paragraph.If the block quote contains a secondary quote, use double quotation marks around the contained quotation.

Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diplomacy - Essay Example Britain, Austria, Hungary, Russia, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire were the major players in the Vienna congress whereas U.S, France, Germany, and Britain were the major countries involved in Versailles peace process. Vienna congress was successful in restoring the balance of power in Europe whereas the Versailles treaty failed to achieve that. Both the treaties were aimed at rebuilding of the Europe after a frightening war. One of the major differences between Vienna congress and the Versailles peace process was that Vienna congress was successful in arriving a compromise formula acceptable to both the parties whereas Versailles peace process failed to achieve such a consensus. Germans left with no other option and they succumbed to the pressure exerted by the opposite party. On the other hand, France got a better deal through the Vienna congress and managed to escape with less punishment. The negotiators of Vienna Congress did everything to regain the peace in Europe without sacrificing much of the interests of the France whereas the negotiators of Versailles peace process have done everything to humiliate the Germans. The Versailles peace process was completely a one sided affair. Germans forced to accept the conditions set by the negotiators because of the lack of other options available for them at that time. This treaty was successful in destroying German economy (This treaty has taken away Germanys foreign possessions, along with any private or government property in them), which finally led to the Second World War. Moreover, Germans forced to liquidate much capital immediately in order to pay the war reparations of 33 billion gold marks, an amount which the Allies could increase whenever they saw fit (Valarauko) Vienna treaty has achieved its objectives. It helped Europe from further conflicts. On the other hand, Versailles peace process failed to achieve its objectives. In

Reference library on memory management Research Paper

Reference library on memory management - Research Paper Example Apart from many advantages, virtual memory and paging have various disadvantages as well. One of the challenges is the extra resource consumption, i.e. overhead for saving page tables in the memory (Null & Lobur, 2010). In environments where numerous applications are operating, the page table occupies a significant part of the physical memory. However, this challenge can be addressed by paging the page tables; this is a complex and confusing task (Null & Lobur, 2010). These challenges are not significant as compared to benefits of virtual memory and paging offers. Advantages of virtual memory and paging are easy to understand. For instance, programs are not limited to the physical memory present on the system, as virtual memory allows executing individual programs possessing larger virtual address space when compared to available physical memory (Null & Lobur, 2010). This process helps the programmers to avoid worrying about physical address space boundaries. Moreover, virtual memory also facilitates multi-tasking by executing more than one program simultaneously, and, as a result, system throughput and CPU utilization enhance. The limited size of pages and frames eases the tasks for placement and allocation for the operating system. Moreover, the paging process facilitates the operating system to protect and share the page on specific permissions (Null & Lobur, 2010). ... Moreover, the physical memory remains intact and is not divided into any sort of fixed or equal size partition. Whenever there is a requirement of copying a segment in the physical memory, free memory is analyzed by the operating system, and after finding a chunk it is adequate enough to store an entire segment (Null & Lobur, 2010). Likewise, every segment possesses a base address that provides an indication of its location in the memory along with bound limits reflecting its size. Now every program incorporating various segments is now linked to a segment table instead of a page table. Likewise, the segment table incorporates the assembly of base for every segment (Jipping, 2007). The role of virtual memory in smart phone operating systems is also vital. For programming and designing virtual memory for a smart phone operating system, logical-segment addresses and physical-segment- addresses is the prime focus. Likewise, the segments are tagged with numbers, and these tags are incorp orated within a logical address. For instance, a typical address format will be a , in which the segment number is the starting part of the address and the offset is identified as the last part of the address. Memory Management Technique for Paging on Distributed Shared Memory Framework The two analogous computer classes, i.e. shared memory and distributed memory, are symbolized by the DSM Systems (Hine, Mitrani, Tsur, & Gaines, 1979). This system works by providing shared memory generalizing in the system that further physically distributes the memory and thus combines the rewards of both the approaches. In fact, the DSM system is described as a memory system that physically distributes but is

Fibonacci, Mathematician of the Middle Ages Essay

Fibonacci, Mathematician of the Middle Ages - Essay Example Camposanto was mostly got ruined in 1944 and had to be expansively repaired. After a few years, revelation to the waterside climate started to take its charge on the sculpture and finally it was taken away, reinstated, cleaned and then returned to its old position next to Pisa's other memorable people, a place where it fits in. Leonardo was an Italian mathematician who was the initial brilliant Western mathematician right after the turn down of the Greek science. (Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 2008). Leonardo was born in 1170, Pisa, Italy. His father namely Guglielmo, was also call by the name Bonaccio. Leonardo's mother, Alessandra, passed away when he was nine years old. He was one of the leading and talented mathematicians of his time. At his time, performing even the easiest arithmetical problems with a non positional detail was a hard endeavor. For solving a particular problem, the merchants were strained to resort to the abacus. Fibonacci showed the new alternate computing technique which was based on printed algorithms somewhat better than on counting bits and pieces. Fibonacci traveled extensively in Barbary together with his father and was shortly derived on to the business tours to Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily and Provencal. He appears to have educated a good deal of his arithmetic in Barbary. All through the Mediterranean globe to learned Hindu and Arabic math under the most important Arab mathematicians of that era. He identified that arithmetic with Hindu figures is uncomplicated and more proficient than with Roman figures. However, Leonardo came back from his journey in 1200. Leonardo became a harmonious guest of the Emperor Frederick II who has the benefit of understanding arithmetic and science. Though, in 1240, the Republic of Pisa privileged Leonardo by giving him the name as Leonardo Bigollo and giving him his first pay. (Grimm, R. E., 1973). He wrote numerous important books which played a significant part in revitalizing prehistoric mathematical proficiency and he made noteworthy contributions of his own by himself. At the age of 32, in 1202, Leonardo wrote his first book namely Liber Abaci, which means "the book of abacus or book of calculation." After his first book got published, he wrote various books, therefore, Practica Geometriae in 1220, Flos and Liber Quadratorum published in 1225. Though, he wrote some other books as well, which regrettably, are lost. However, his work in number theory was totally ignored and almost unidentified all through in the Middle Ages. (Charles Burnett. January 14, 2005). Liber Abaci - 1202 Liber Abaci is also pronounced as Liber Abbaci. Its label has two familiar conversions, The Book of the Abacus or The Book of Calculation. In this book, Fibonacci brought in to Europe the Arabic figures, a most important part of our decimal structure, which he had studied by learning with Arabs at the same time when he was living in North Africa with his father. In interpretation of Liber Abaci, it is useful to be aware of Fibonacci's information for rational figures, a data that is intermediary in figure amid the Egyptian fractions, which was normally applied until

Hear My Cry Essay Example for Free

Hear My Cry Essay Big Ma took Stacey, T. J. and Cassie to Strawberry to the market and also to take T. J. to the Barnetts Mercantile. While they were in the market field Cassie pointed out to Big Ma that they were all the way at the end of the field and no-one would be able to see them. The white peoples wagons were right at the front and if anyone wanted to come to the Logans wagon, by the time they got there they would have bunions on their soles and corns on their toes. Additionally in Strawberry, when Cassie was in the Barnetts Mercantile Mr Barnett was taking a long time to see to T. J. s list. He kept on going to help white people and then came back and didnt even put in another item when he started to help a little white girl. When Cassie saw this she became slightly angry and thought Mr. Barnett had forgotten about T. J. s list. Cassie went to tell Mr. Barnett of T. J. s list and tugged at his sleeve. He recoiled and told her to wait. Then she got even angrier and told him that he had taken ages for their turn. Thats when Mr Barnett screamed, Whose little nigger is this? Stacey dragged Cassie out of the store and told her to shush. Mr Barnett was not being fair to the children and was treating them horribly. Once Cassie was outside she accidently bumped into Lillian Jean. She didnt want to create a fuss so when Lillian Jean asked her to apologize she did. But Lillian Jean wanted more; so she ordered Cassie into the road. Of course Cassie wasnt going to do that. When Lillian Jean went to grab Cassies arm, Cassie pulled it back but someone caught it and held it tight so it hurt. This was Mr Simms. He shoved her into the road and Cassie fell on her bottom. He told her to listen to Lillian Jean when she asked Cassie to get in the road. He asked her to apologize and Cassie said she had. When Mr Simms jumped into the road Cassie got really scared and thought her would hit her but he didnt. Then she got up and ran to the wagon but somebody caught her, it was Big Ma. Then Big Ma told Cassie to apologize but Cassie still argued. Once again Big Ma told her and this time Cassie did. But Mr Simms demanded her to say Miz before his daughters name. And with a painful tear Cassie did. You can tell how upset she was because in the book it says; No day in all my life had been as cruel as this one. Lastly, in the final chapters T. J. had become friends with R. W. and Melvin. But the Simms boys used this to their advantage. They would laugh behind T. J. s back but not in front of him. Then one day they forced him to break into the Barnetts Mercantile and stole the pearl handle pistol. Also Mr and Mrs Barnett were left for dead. T. J. got all the blame and the Simms stood there watching when the Wallaces came for T. J. , T. J. got sent to jail and was to go to court while the Simms boys were left free. In conclusion, all white people had superiority over the black community. They didnt treat them with respect, except a few (example; Jeremy and Mr Jamison). Blacks had to call white people Miss or Mr. And white people made the law not blacks. They could hang a black for any reason, or no reason at all and no questions were asked. Black people were treated unfairly and unjustly. Saimah Sarwar 10a English GCSE Coursework Roll Of Thunder, Hear My Cry. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  GCSE Mildred Taylor  section.

Data Warehouse Characteristics And Definition Information Technology Essay

Data Warehouse Characteristics And Definition Information Technology Essay A data warehouse provides an integrated view of the customer and their relationship with the organisation by bringing together the data from a number of operational systems. A data warehouse provides a complete picture of the enterprise by focusing on its enterprise-wide components like profits, sales and customers by looking beyond the traditional information view structure. These components require information from various sources as they have both organisational and process boundaries. The data warehouses are made up of large databases. These databases store the integrated data of the enterprise. This data may be obtained from both, internal as well as external sources. Internal sources of data refer to the data that is obtained from the operational systems of the enterprise. External data sources are the government bodies, third party organisations, business partners, customers etc. These databases also store the metadata that gives a description of the content of data that is st ored in the data warehouse. The data warehouses are designed and constructed in a denormalized manner. This is done to replicate the dimensional view of the business by the user. This makes it possible to better analyze, examine and summarize the data. This can be done over different periods of time and at different levels of detail when the data structure is denormalized. The data warehouses have a time dimension where all the data is time stamped. This is done so that the data can support the reports that are used to compare the figures from the earlier months or years. It is helpful for the decision takers of the organisation to better understand the trends and patters of the market and customer behaviour over the period of time. The data warehouses contain both atomic as well as summarised data. The atomic data is the data that provides a great level of detail. This makes responding to queries a faster process when the tasks are at the highest level of detail. As the name sugges ts, the summarised data provides a quick summary of data and does not go much into detail. Thus only storing summarised data is not an option. However, the storage of atomic data requires much larger space. 2.2 Purpose Previously, the data was not easily accessible because it was stored in environments which were unfriendly and not easy to access. The data warehouses solve this problem by providing access to the integrated organisational data that was stored in such environments. The data warehouses provide security either by their front-end applications or from the database servers. As a result, the users can now have a secure connection to the warehouse from their personal computers. Because the data warehouses provide integrated data, the need for users to understand and access operational data is greatly reduced. The information provided by the data warehouses is consistent and is of high quality. They are the common source of information for the organisation. Due to this there is consistency in the data and the organisations decision making process becomes much easier. They are also used to store historical data. Actual historical data is not stored on operational systems but is simply loaded and integrated with the other data in the warehouse so that it can be accessed quickly. Data warehouses provide the ability to their users to view the data at different levels of detail and go through it as and how they require. Such freedom to view the data from different angles improves the analysis process by reducing the time and effort required to collect, format and present the information from the data. To make the information technology infrastructure of the organisation stronger, the data warehouses distinguish between analytical and operational processes. They provide additional system archite cture to execute the decisions. With the focus of the data warehouses on achieving the requirements for business decisions, they are the best suited systems for the redesigned decision-making business processes. 2.3 Trends in data warehousing Data warehousing is no longer just a concept or used for educational purposes only. It has become mainstream. Almost 90% of the multinational corporations either use data warehousing or are planning to implement it. Data warehousing has transformed the way business analysis and decision making takes place. The organisations that already use it have witnessed the enormous benefits that it has to offer. Web technologies have only added to the benefits provided by data warehousing and has paved the way for easy delivery of critical information. There have been many changing trends in the field of data warehousing since its evolution. Scientists have always felt that technology has been the driving force behind data warehousing. But now, the softwares being used have had a significant progress rate and in the years to come, we can expect data warehousing to take a major leap not only in software but also in optimising queries, indexing big tables, improved data compression and expanding dimensional modelling. Real-time warehousing Real -time data warehousing is increasingly becoming the focus of top executives in the organisations. As compared to conventional data warehousing, real-time data warehouses provide the most recent views of the business and are dynamic in nature. A conventional data warehouse is more passive in nature and provides historical trends. The tools of business intelligence along with the data warehouse have been mainly used to make strategic decisions. But now they are required more for making tactical decisions on a day to day basis. There is a lot of pressure in the companies as they are expected to come up with real-time information with everyone connected to important business processes. Providing real-time information has increased the productivity of the companies tremendously. However, there a number of challenges that the company has to face while trying to do so. Data types Previously the companies included mostly numeric structured data in their data warehouses. This divided the decision support systems in to two parts, one that worked with structured data and the other one that worked with knowledge management involving unstructured data. Most of the structured data is numeric and most of the unstructured data is in the form of images. Now, if we were to consider a situation where the decision maker of the company has to perform an analysis in order to find out about the top-selling products, where he/she would like to take a look at the images of the products for further decisions, then this wouldnt have been possible. This fact has been realised by the organisations and therefore the need is felt to integrate both the structured as well as the unstructured data in the data warehouses. In order to include the unstructured data in the data warehouses, the vendors are considering multimedia like images and texts as just another data type. They are stor ed as binary large objects and are considered to be a part of the relational data. They are defined as user-defined-types by the user-defined-functions. But it is not possible to simply consider all binary large objects as relational data type. That is because, if we were to consider video clips, there would be a need for a server that is able to support delivery of multiple video streams at a given rate along with audio synchronisation. After having included unstructured data in the data warehouses, there should also be a way to search for this data. Without proper ways to search for this data, the integration of unstructured data will prove rather useless. Vendors have now started providing search engines so that the user is able to search for all the information that he/she requires. The example of such a mechanism would be the query by images mechanism. Its purpose is to let the user search for pre-indexed images on the basis of their shape, size and colour. For text-data, the s earch engine retrieves the documents based on words, characters, phrases etc. The use of search mechanisms for audio and video data is still in the research stages. Another data-type would be the spatial data. Including the spatial data-type in the data warehouses adds a great deal of value to the data warehousing systems. Spatial data answers questions like average income of the people living near the store, average driving distance for the people coming to the store etc. Examples of spatial data include address, city, county, state etc. The database vendors do realise the importance of this type of data and some of them do add special SQL extensions to their products in order to include such data. Data visualisation Data visualization is necessary to improve the performance of the user in terms of analysis. The users expect to see the query results in the form of charts or graphics. If the query results are in the form of spread sheets, it affects the quickness and ease by which the users can carry out the analysis. It also means that the data warehouse is outdated. If we consider the last few years, there have been many trends in the way the data visualization softwares work. Now, the variety of charts to view different types of data has increased. For example, there are pie charts available to view the numerical results. Dynamic charts are available which allow the users to see the results, manipulate it and check for the new views online. The newer versions of the data visualization softwares make it possible to see a large number of results at once and complex data structures. Some of the more advanced visualization techniques available today are the chart manipulation technique, drill down technique and the advanced iteration technique. Companies have also started adopting scorecards and dashboards as a means to view the performance. Different types of users have different needs. The business users require bar charts, the scientific users require constellation graphs, and the analysts require three dimensional views and so on. The latest trends in the softwares have made it possible to fulfil the ever changing needs of the current users of the data warehousing systems. Parallel processing One of the most important aspects of data warehousing is delivering top-quality performance. The users of the data warehouses are constantly performing large complex queries. These queries read enormous amounts of data to give out the results. Again, to analyse these results, a large number of queries are executed one after the other by individual users. Some of the other functions involved are the loading of data and creating indexes for the data. Both the processes can be slow because of the huge amounts of data and large number of indexes. For the data warehouses to give out quality performance, it is necessary to speed up these processes like query processing, data loading and indexing. An efficient way to do this is to achieve parallel processing. This is done by utilising both hardware options as well as software techniques together. For parallel processing, the hardware options may include multiple CPUs, many server nodes, memory modules, high speed links between interconnecte d nodes etc. In the software implementation of parallel processing, the hardware configuration needs to be chosen properly. The reason for this is that if the hardware configuration is not proper, then the operating systems and the databases will be unable to use the hardwares parallel features. Parallel server and parallel query are the two options that the database vendors generally provide for parallel processing. The parallel server option makes it possible to have separate database instances for each of the hardware nodes. The database instances are also allowed to access a common set of database files. On the other hand, the parallel query option supports the important functions like query processing, data loading and index creation. Considering the current technology, executing the data warehouse without parallel processing is not at all an option to be considered. Tools for query processing The tools that are required for query processing are the most important set of tools in data warehousing. The success of a data warehouse is not possible without them. Because of this, the vendors have started coming out with new and improved query tools since the past few years. Some of the query tools that are of most importance and have undergone significant changes by the vendors are flexible representation, aggregate awareness, crossing subject areas, multiple heterogeneous sources, overcoming SQL limitations etc. Browser tools Here the term browser is not restricted to the use of web browsers alone. One of the major advantages of data warehousing is that the users are able to execute queries in the data warehouse that generate reports without any help or assistance from someone who is in the I.T. field. Here, the browser tools come in handy when the users want to go through the metadata and search for specific chunks of information. This allows the users to directly go to the data warehouse. Their need is also felt when a data warehouse for the company is being developed and the I.T. team has to go through all the data structures, data sources and business rules. Some of the major improvements that the browser tools have gone through in the past few years are: extensible tools that allow to define any type of data or information objects, open APIs, navigation through hierarchical groupings, web browsing and search techniques to go through information catalogues etc. Data Fusion In order to provide an integrated view of the enterprise, the data warehouse stores data collected from a number of sources. The data may be taken from different operational systems running on different platforms, each using a different DBMS. Data may also be taken from a number of external sources. Data fusion is the technology that fuses together all this different types of data from multiple sources and stores it in the data warehouse. It provides a wider scope and the real-time integration of data from the monitoring systems. A vast amount of research is being carried on in order to improve this technology as it has a direct application in the field of data warehousing. Apart from the integration of data from multiple sources, the data fusion technology is also expected to address the problem of finding the right information at the right time as it can be a difficult task due to the vast amounts of data that is stored. The data fusion technology as for now is still in its researc h phase and therefore the vendors are not hurrying to develop the tools for data fusion. Integrating ERP and Data Warehouses Enterprise resource planning was introduced in the markets in the 1990s. The goal of ERP was to help in the decision making as well as the taking of necessary actions from one integrated environment. It was also supposed to provide the companies with the integrated corporate data repositories. For this, the data was cleansed, transformed and integrated in one place. But soon, the companies that implemented these systems realised that the relational databases that were designed and normalised to carry out the business operations were not able to provide the necessary strategic information. Also the data from the external sources and the operational systems was not included in the ERP data repositories. As a result, the companies that were planning to acquire the ERP systems started to consider the integration of ERP systems with data warehousing. There are three major options that are available that allow the companies to do so. They are the ERP data warehouse, the custom developed data warehouse and the hybrid ERP data warehouse enhanced with third party tools. The ERP data warehouse option allows the companies to implement data warehousing with the current available functionality and wait for further enhancements. But the only negative about this option is that the enhancements may take a long time to come. The 2nd option that is the custom-developed data warehouse allows the companies to have a customized data warehouse along with the use of 3rd party tools to get the data from the ERP datasets. Although reclaiming and loading the data from the ERP datasets is not an easy task. The 3rd option that is the hybrid ERP data warehouse enhanced with 3rd party tools allows the combination of the functionalities of the existing data warehouse with the additional functionalities from the third party tools. The companies need to sel ect the option that will be most suitable for their corporation. Data Warehousing and CRM The benefits of having a CRM-ready data warehouse are substantial. Now-a-days, there is an increasing competition among the companies and also, there is a need to retain the existing customers and attract new ones. The companies have now started targeting individual customers and fulfilling their needs instead of having a mass focus group. To achieve this, the companies have adopted customer relationship management. To build a data warehouse that is customer ready, there is a need to develop CRM-ready data warehouses. But, doing so is by no means an easy task. The data warehouses need to have all the information of every transaction with every individual customer. What this means is that each unit of each sale of every product to each customer must be recorded in the data warehouse. Not only the sales data, but also, information regarding every other type of interaction with the customer needs to be recorded. The CRM-ready data warehouse becomes flexible with such detailed recording of data. There is a huge amount of increase in the volumes of data. These large amounts of data can be stored across multiple storage management devices. They are accessed by using common data warehouse tools. Also, there is a need to improve functions like cleansing and transformation functions that are more complex in nature. These are some of the major efforts to achieve a CRM-ready data warehouse. Although, the previous tools of data warehousing are not quite capable of adopting the specialized requirements of customer-focused applications. The Web and Data warehouse The introduction of internet has deeply affected the way in which computing and communication has been taking place previously. From its start in 1969 with only four host computers, it has come a long way with a huge amount of increase in the host computers, almost up to 95 million hosts by 2000. And it still continues to grow with exponential speeds. In the year 2000, there were almost 26 million web-sites and 150 million users using the available web technologies for one reason or the other. Now, the companies have come up with intranets (private networks) and extranets (public networks) in order to properly communicate with their employees, customers and business partners. The web has transformed itself in to a universal information delivery system. Today, there is no business that can survive without making use of the available web technologies. E-commerce has now become the main focus of the businesses and there is an annual investment of 300 billion dollars which is soon expected to cross the 1 trillion mark. Therefore, it has become extremely important for the companies to transform their data warehouses to make them web-enabled in order to make use of the tremendous potential that the web technologies have to offer. But while doing so, the companies need to bring the data warehouses to the web and also bring the web to the data warehouses. Bringing the warehouse to the web: During the early times of the evolution of data warehousing, the data warehouses were developed only for the top-level management such as the managers, analysts and a few others to help them with critical analysis and decision making. The necessary information was delivered to this user group by making use of the client/server environment. But today, the needs of the businesses have increased tremendously. The warehousing technology has been made available to all the members included in the corporations value chain. It is not just confined to a select group of people. Important information is not only provided to employees alone but also to the customers, business partners and the suppliers. In todays highly competitive times, these changes are necessary to increase the productivity of all the members of the company. This can only be possible with the help of internet along with web technology. The way the users of the data warehouse retrieve, analyse and share the information is changed drastically with the help of the new information delivery mechanism that is the web technology. The information delivery will be a little different having new components and the internet interface will provide a browser, search engine, a homepage, hypertext links, downloadable Java etc. The important requirements of the users while bringing the data warehouse to the web are strict security, self data access, unified metadata, high performance etc. Bringing the web to the warehouse: In order to bring the web to the warehouse, the company needs to collect the number of clicks the company website gets from all the visitors and then perform the traditional data warehousing functions. This must be accomplished in real-time and involves extraction, transformation and loading of the number of clicks to the data warehouse. Dimensional schemas are then developed from this data and the information delivery systems are launched. The click data helps in analysing how exactly the visitors went about through the company web-site. Also important information like what made the visitors purchase the company product, how they were attracted and what made the visitors come back to the web-site can also be recorded. The web-house as it is known has become an extremely important tool for retaining, identifying and prioritising the e-commerce customers. The combination of data warehousing and web technology has become very important to all the businesses in the 21st century. Using web technologies for information delivery and integrating the click data from the company web-sites for analysis has become the need of the day.